Resumen
Este artículo es una revisión teórica del emprendimiento social, entendido como cualquier iniciativa de negocio, con o sin fin de lucro, cuyo principal objetivo es la generación de valor social. Este es un campo de investigación reciente y atractivo que progresivamente, hace acopio de información, aunque poca de ella sea empírica. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar, desde la psicología social, preguntas de investigación relevantes sobre emprendimiento social. A partir del estudio de diversas investigaciones, se identifican posibles variables psicosociales requeridas para este tipo de emprendimiento, tales como características individuales, motivos sociales y una identidad laboral específica.
Además, se incorporan algunas miradas respecto de la sociedad, los objetivos de las organizaciones y aspectos psicosociales del comportamiento organizacional.
Citas
Alvord, S.H., Brown, I.D., & Letts, C.W. (2004). Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation: An Exploratory Study. The Journal of Applied Behavioral
Science, 40(3), 260-282. doi: 10.1177/0021886304266847
Arnold, J. (2001). Careers and Career Management.
En N. Anderson (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology Vol.2 (pp. 115-131). London:
Sage Publications.
Baco, S., Hartog, C., & Hoogendoorn, B. (2013). A Quantitative Comparison of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Social Entrepreneurship Organizations in Context. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 40-68. doi:10.1080/19420676.2012.758653
Barendsen, L., & Gardner, H. (2004). Is the social
entrepreneur a new type of leader?. Leader to Leader, 2004(34), 43-50. doi:10.1002/ltl.100
Bargsted, M. (2008). Éxito integral en la carrera
laboral: congruencia entre valores y metas. (Tesis doctoral, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid).
Bargsted, M., Picón, M., Salazar, A., & Rojas, Y. (2013). Psychosocial Characterization of Social Entrepreneurs: A Comparative Study. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(3). doi:10.1080/19420676.2013.820780
Batson, C.D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward A Social-psychological Answer. Hillsdale, New York: Erlbaum.
Batson, C.D., Ahmad, N., & Tsang, J. (2002).Four Motives for Community Involvement. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 429-445. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00269
Bosman, N., & Livie, J. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2009 Executive Report.
Céspedes, H. (2009). El emprendimiento social
y su sustentabilidad. HC Global Group. [Presentación]. Recuperado de http://sites.google.com/a/hcglobalgroup.com/hcglobalgroup/documentos/EmprendimientoSocialysuSustentabilidad.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1
Cialdini, R.B., Brown, S.L., Lewis, B.P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S.L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 481-494. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481
Cohen, B., Smith B., & Mitchell, R. (2008). Toward
a sustainable conceptualization of dependent variables in entrepreneurship research. Business Strategy and the Environment, 17(2), 107-119. doi: 10.1002/bse.505
Dees, J.G. (2007). Taking social entrepreurship seriously. Transaction social science and modern society, 44(3), 24-31.
González, L., & Arciniega, L.M . (2005). Anclajes de Carrera profesional y valores en el trabajo. En J., Romay & R., García (Ed.), Serie Psicología Social y problemas sociales: Vol. 4. Psicología de las organizaciones, del trabajo y recursos humanos
y de la salud (pp. 69-78). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
Graziano, W.G., Habashi, M.M., Sheese, B.E., & Tobin, R.M.. (2007). Agreeableness, empathy and helping: A person X situation perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 583-599. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.583
Greenhaus, J.H. (2003). Career Dynamics. En W.C., Borman, D.R., Ilgen, & R.J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology: Vol. 12. Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 519-540). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Guzmán, A., & Trujillo, M.A. (2008). Emprendimiento social: Revisión de literatura. Estudios Gerenciales, 24(109), 105-125.
Hartigan, P. (2006). It’s about people, no profits. Business Strategy Review, 17(4), 42-45. doi: 10.1111/j.0955-6419.2006.00433.x
Hoffman, M.L. (2002). Desarrollo Moral y Empatía. Barcelona: Idea Books.
Lehner, O. & J. Kansikas (2013). Pre-paradigmatic Status of Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 198-219. doi:
10.1080/19420676.2013.777360
Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
Moriano, J.A. (2005). El perfil psicosocial del emprendedor. Madrid: Consejo Económico y Social.
Murphy, P.J., & Coombes, S.M. (2009). A Model of Social Entrepreneurial Discovery. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(3), 325-336. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9921-y
Ormiston, J., & Seymour, R. (2011). Understanding
Value Creation in Social Entrepreneurship: The Importance of Aligning Mission, Strategy and Impact Measurement, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 125-150, doi:10.1080/19420676.2011.606331
Penner, L.A., Dovidio, J.F., Pilavin, J.A., & Schroeder,
D.A. (2005). Prosocial Behavior: Multilevel Perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365-392. doi: 10.1146/annurev. psych.56.091103.070141
Peredo, A.M., & McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 56-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.007
Rank, J., Pace, V., & Frese, M. (2004). Three Avenues for Future Research on Creativity, Innovation, and Initiative. Applied Psychology, 53(4), 518-528. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00185.x
Roa, M.L. (2005). Definición y alcances del emprendimiento social. Recuperado de: http://www.boliviaemprendedora.org.bo/
public/lst_biblioteca_rbe/lst_biblioteca_rbe_7542_archivo.pdf
Roberts, P., & Woods, C. (2005). Changing the world on a shoestring: The concept of social entrepreneurship. University of Auckland Business Review, 7(1), 45-51.
Sánchez, J.C. (2009. Evaluación de la personalidad
emprendedora: validez factorial del cuestionario de orientación emprendedora COE. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 42(1), 41-52.
Schein, E. (1990). Career anchors: discovering your real values. San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Company.
Siebert, S.E., Kraimer, M.L., & Crant, J.M. (2006). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 845-874. doi: 10.1111/
j.1744-6570.2001.tb00234.x
Tan, W., Williams, J., & Tan, T. (2005). Defining the ‘Social’ in ‘Social Entrepreneurship’: Altruism and Entrepreneurship. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 353-365.
doi: 10.1007/s11365-005-2600-x
Tracey, P., & Phillips, N. (2007). The Distinctive Challenge of Educating Social Entrepreneurs: A Postscript and Rejoinder to the Special Issue on Entrepreneurship Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(2), 264-271. doi: 10.5465/AMLE.2007.25223465
Vasakarla,V. (2008). A study on social entrepreneurship and the characteristics of social entrepreneurs. The IUP Journal of management research, 7, 32-40.
Warr, P., & Pearce, A. (2004). Preference for Careers and Organisational Cultures as a Function of Logically Related Personality Traits. Applied Psychology, 53(3), 423-435. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00178.x
Zahra, S., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D., & Shulman, J. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519–532. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007
Science, 40(3), 260-282. doi: 10.1177/0021886304266847
Arnold, J. (2001). Careers and Career Management.
En N. Anderson (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology Vol.2 (pp. 115-131). London:
Sage Publications.
Baco, S., Hartog, C., & Hoogendoorn, B. (2013). A Quantitative Comparison of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Social Entrepreneurship Organizations in Context. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 40-68. doi:10.1080/19420676.2012.758653
Barendsen, L., & Gardner, H. (2004). Is the social
entrepreneur a new type of leader?. Leader to Leader, 2004(34), 43-50. doi:10.1002/ltl.100
Bargsted, M. (2008). Éxito integral en la carrera
laboral: congruencia entre valores y metas. (Tesis doctoral, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid).
Bargsted, M., Picón, M., Salazar, A., & Rojas, Y. (2013). Psychosocial Characterization of Social Entrepreneurs: A Comparative Study. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(3). doi:10.1080/19420676.2013.820780
Batson, C.D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward A Social-psychological Answer. Hillsdale, New York: Erlbaum.
Batson, C.D., Ahmad, N., & Tsang, J. (2002).Four Motives for Community Involvement. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 429-445. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00269
Bosman, N., & Livie, J. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2009 Executive Report.
Céspedes, H. (2009). El emprendimiento social
y su sustentabilidad. HC Global Group. [Presentación]. Recuperado de http://sites.google.com/a/hcglobalgroup.com/hcglobalgroup/documentos/EmprendimientoSocialysuSustentabilidad.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1
Cialdini, R.B., Brown, S.L., Lewis, B.P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S.L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 481-494. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481
Cohen, B., Smith B., & Mitchell, R. (2008). Toward
a sustainable conceptualization of dependent variables in entrepreneurship research. Business Strategy and the Environment, 17(2), 107-119. doi: 10.1002/bse.505
Dees, J.G. (2007). Taking social entrepreurship seriously. Transaction social science and modern society, 44(3), 24-31.
González, L., & Arciniega, L.M . (2005). Anclajes de Carrera profesional y valores en el trabajo. En J., Romay & R., García (Ed.), Serie Psicología Social y problemas sociales: Vol. 4. Psicología de las organizaciones, del trabajo y recursos humanos
y de la salud (pp. 69-78). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
Graziano, W.G., Habashi, M.M., Sheese, B.E., & Tobin, R.M.. (2007). Agreeableness, empathy and helping: A person X situation perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 583-599. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.583
Greenhaus, J.H. (2003). Career Dynamics. En W.C., Borman, D.R., Ilgen, & R.J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology: Vol. 12. Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 519-540). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Guzmán, A., & Trujillo, M.A. (2008). Emprendimiento social: Revisión de literatura. Estudios Gerenciales, 24(109), 105-125.
Hartigan, P. (2006). It’s about people, no profits. Business Strategy Review, 17(4), 42-45. doi: 10.1111/j.0955-6419.2006.00433.x
Hoffman, M.L. (2002). Desarrollo Moral y Empatía. Barcelona: Idea Books.
Lehner, O. & J. Kansikas (2013). Pre-paradigmatic Status of Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 198-219. doi:
10.1080/19420676.2013.777360
Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
Moriano, J.A. (2005). El perfil psicosocial del emprendedor. Madrid: Consejo Económico y Social.
Murphy, P.J., & Coombes, S.M. (2009). A Model of Social Entrepreneurial Discovery. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(3), 325-336. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9921-y
Ormiston, J., & Seymour, R. (2011). Understanding
Value Creation in Social Entrepreneurship: The Importance of Aligning Mission, Strategy and Impact Measurement, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 125-150, doi:10.1080/19420676.2011.606331
Penner, L.A., Dovidio, J.F., Pilavin, J.A., & Schroeder,
D.A. (2005). Prosocial Behavior: Multilevel Perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365-392. doi: 10.1146/annurev. psych.56.091103.070141
Peredo, A.M., & McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 56-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.007
Rank, J., Pace, V., & Frese, M. (2004). Three Avenues for Future Research on Creativity, Innovation, and Initiative. Applied Psychology, 53(4), 518-528. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00185.x
Roa, M.L. (2005). Definición y alcances del emprendimiento social. Recuperado de: http://www.boliviaemprendedora.org.bo/
public/lst_biblioteca_rbe/lst_biblioteca_rbe_7542_archivo.pdf
Roberts, P., & Woods, C. (2005). Changing the world on a shoestring: The concept of social entrepreneurship. University of Auckland Business Review, 7(1), 45-51.
Sánchez, J.C. (2009. Evaluación de la personalidad
emprendedora: validez factorial del cuestionario de orientación emprendedora COE. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 42(1), 41-52.
Schein, E. (1990). Career anchors: discovering your real values. San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Company.
Siebert, S.E., Kraimer, M.L., & Crant, J.M. (2006). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 845-874. doi: 10.1111/
j.1744-6570.2001.tb00234.x
Tan, W., Williams, J., & Tan, T. (2005). Defining the ‘Social’ in ‘Social Entrepreneurship’: Altruism and Entrepreneurship. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 353-365.
doi: 10.1007/s11365-005-2600-x
Tracey, P., & Phillips, N. (2007). The Distinctive Challenge of Educating Social Entrepreneurs: A Postscript and Rejoinder to the Special Issue on Entrepreneurship Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(2), 264-271. doi: 10.5465/AMLE.2007.25223465
Vasakarla,V. (2008). A study on social entrepreneurship and the characteristics of social entrepreneurs. The IUP Journal of management research, 7, 32-40.
Warr, P., & Pearce, A. (2004). Preference for Careers and Organisational Cultures as a Function of Logically Related Personality Traits. Applied Psychology, 53(3), 423-435. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00178.x
Zahra, S., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D., & Shulman, J. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519–532. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007
Una vez publicado, los derechos de impresión y reproducción son del Universidad Sergio Arboleda. Es potestativo del editor permitir la reproducción del artículo.
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