Palabras clave
EE. UU.
G. W. Bush
ORHA
APC
insurgencia.
G. W. Bush
ORHA
APC
insurgencia.
Cómo citar
Espejismo en el desierto: las fallas en la primera fase de la intervención estadounidense en Irak. (2011). Civilizar, 11(21), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.22518/16578953.38
Resumen
La intervención estadounidense en Irak desde 2003 constituye uno de sus últimos desafíos en su política exterior. Bajo un marcado unilateralismo y sin el aval de la ONU, la Administración de G. W. Bush decidió invadir a un actor fundamental en el equilibrio de poder de Oriente Medio. Su lucha contra el terrorismo internacional ocasionó resultados adversos en Irak: crecimiento de la insurgencia y el fundamentalismo, fallas administrativas en la reconstrucción (ORHA y APC) y acciones militares en contra de la población civil en un enfrentamiento irregular. Estos factores evidencian una política errónea de Washington hacia ese país y la región.
Referencias
Abrahms, M. (2008). What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counterte- rrorism Strategy. International Security, 32(4), pp. 78-105.
Apple, R. W. (2001, 09 - 14). The New York Times. Baran, Z. (2005). Fighting the War of Ideas. Foreign Affairs, 84(6), pp. 68-78.
Bellin, E. (2004). The Iraqi Intervention and Democracy in Comparative Historical Perspective. Political Science Quarterly, 119(4), pp. 595-608.
Bjork, K., & Jones, R. (2005). Overcoming Dilemmas Created by the 21st Century Mercenaries: conceptualising the use of private security companies in Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 777-796.
Bremer, L. P., & McConnell, M. (2006). My Year in Iraq. The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Brown, R. (2005). Reconstruction of Infrastructure in Iraq: end to a means or means to an end? Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 759-775.
Chandrasekaran, R. (2006a). Vida imperial en la Ciudad Esmeralda. Barcelona: RBA Libros.
Chandrasekaran, R. (2006b). Who Killed Iraq? Foreign Policy, pp. 36-43.
Dodge, T. (2005). Iraqi Transitions: from re- gime change to state collapse. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 705-721.
Dunn, D. H. (2003). Myths, Motivations and ‘Misunderestimations’: the Bush Admin- istration and Iraq. International Affairs, 79(2), pp. 279-297.
Fuentes, C. (2003, abril/junio). ¿Qué tal? “Voces contra la guerra”. Revista Nueva Gaceta, 6.
Gause, F. G. (2010). The International Relations of the Persian Gulf. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, M. R., & Trainor, B. E. (2006). Cobra II: The inside story of the invasion and occupation of Iraq. New York: Random House.
Hirsh, M. (2002). Bush and the World. Foreign Affairs, 81(5), pp. 18-43.
Ismael, T., & Ismael, J. (2005). Whither Iraq? Be- yond Saddam, sanctions and occupation. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 609-629.
Katzenstein, P., & Keohane, R. O. (2007). Anti-Americanisms in World Politics. Ithaca - New York: Cornell University Press.
Keohane, R. O. (2002). The Globalization of Informal Violence, Theories of World Politics and the “Liberalism of Fear”. Dialog-IO, pp. 29-43.
Kupchan, C. A. (2003). The End of the Ameri- can Era: A. Knopf.
Le Billon, P. (2005). Corruption, Reconstruction and Oil Governance in Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 685-703.
Mattli, K., & Gasser, J. (2008). Acción neutral, imparcial e independiente: clave para la aceptación del CICR en Irak. Internation- al Review of the Red Cross, 869.
Murphy, S. D. (2004). US Abuse of Iraqi De- tainees at Abu Ghraib Prison. American Journal of International Law, 98, pp. 591-596.
Nasr, V.; Filkins, D.; Byman, D.; Frum, D.; Tsang, S.; Ottaway, M., et al. (2007). Who Wins in Iraq? Foreign Policy(159), pp. 38-51.
Roberts, A. (2007). The War We Deserve. Foreign Policy, 163, pp. 45-50.
Rumsfeld, D. H. (2002). Transforming the Military. Foreign Affairs, 81(3), pp. 20-32.
Scheuer, M. (2007). Imperial hubris: why the West is loosing the war on terror. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.
Sohr, R. (2002). Las Guerras que nos esperan: EE. UU. Ataca.: Ediciones B.
Walt, S. M. (2005). Taming American Power. Foreign Affairs, 84(5), pp. 105-120.
Walt, S. M. (2008, March 18). Five Years and Counting: Ten Unpleasant Truths about the War in Iraq.
Warren, J. (2005). War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 815-830.
Wills, G. (2010). Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State. New York: Penguin Press.
Woodward, B. (2002). Bush At War. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Wright, L. (2006). The Looming Tower. Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Vintage Books. Random House.
Apple, R. W. (2001, 09 - 14). The New York Times. Baran, Z. (2005). Fighting the War of Ideas. Foreign Affairs, 84(6), pp. 68-78.
Bellin, E. (2004). The Iraqi Intervention and Democracy in Comparative Historical Perspective. Political Science Quarterly, 119(4), pp. 595-608.
Bjork, K., & Jones, R. (2005). Overcoming Dilemmas Created by the 21st Century Mercenaries: conceptualising the use of private security companies in Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 777-796.
Bremer, L. P., & McConnell, M. (2006). My Year in Iraq. The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Brown, R. (2005). Reconstruction of Infrastructure in Iraq: end to a means or means to an end? Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 759-775.
Chandrasekaran, R. (2006a). Vida imperial en la Ciudad Esmeralda. Barcelona: RBA Libros.
Chandrasekaran, R. (2006b). Who Killed Iraq? Foreign Policy, pp. 36-43.
Dodge, T. (2005). Iraqi Transitions: from re- gime change to state collapse. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 705-721.
Dunn, D. H. (2003). Myths, Motivations and ‘Misunderestimations’: the Bush Admin- istration and Iraq. International Affairs, 79(2), pp. 279-297.
Fuentes, C. (2003, abril/junio). ¿Qué tal? “Voces contra la guerra”. Revista Nueva Gaceta, 6.
Gause, F. G. (2010). The International Relations of the Persian Gulf. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, M. R., & Trainor, B. E. (2006). Cobra II: The inside story of the invasion and occupation of Iraq. New York: Random House.
Hirsh, M. (2002). Bush and the World. Foreign Affairs, 81(5), pp. 18-43.
Ismael, T., & Ismael, J. (2005). Whither Iraq? Be- yond Saddam, sanctions and occupation. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 609-629.
Katzenstein, P., & Keohane, R. O. (2007). Anti-Americanisms in World Politics. Ithaca - New York: Cornell University Press.
Keohane, R. O. (2002). The Globalization of Informal Violence, Theories of World Politics and the “Liberalism of Fear”. Dialog-IO, pp. 29-43.
Kupchan, C. A. (2003). The End of the Ameri- can Era: A. Knopf.
Le Billon, P. (2005). Corruption, Reconstruction and Oil Governance in Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 685-703.
Mattli, K., & Gasser, J. (2008). Acción neutral, imparcial e independiente: clave para la aceptación del CICR en Irak. Internation- al Review of the Red Cross, 869.
Murphy, S. D. (2004). US Abuse of Iraqi De- tainees at Abu Ghraib Prison. American Journal of International Law, 98, pp. 591-596.
Nasr, V.; Filkins, D.; Byman, D.; Frum, D.; Tsang, S.; Ottaway, M., et al. (2007). Who Wins in Iraq? Foreign Policy(159), pp. 38-51.
Roberts, A. (2007). The War We Deserve. Foreign Policy, 163, pp. 45-50.
Rumsfeld, D. H. (2002). Transforming the Military. Foreign Affairs, 81(3), pp. 20-32.
Scheuer, M. (2007). Imperial hubris: why the West is loosing the war on terror. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.
Sohr, R. (2002). Las Guerras que nos esperan: EE. UU. Ataca.: Ediciones B.
Walt, S. M. (2005). Taming American Power. Foreign Affairs, 84(5), pp. 105-120.
Walt, S. M. (2008, March 18). Five Years and Counting: Ten Unpleasant Truths about the War in Iraq.
Warren, J. (2005). War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair. Third World Quarterly, 26, pp. 815-830.
Wills, G. (2010). Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State. New York: Penguin Press.
Woodward, B. (2002). Bush At War. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Wright, L. (2006). The Looming Tower. Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Vintage Books. Random House.
Una vez publicado, los derechos de impresión y reproducción son del Universidad Sergio Arboleda. Es potestativo del editor permitir la reproducción del artículo.