Keywords
Al-Qaeda
islamismo
redes terroristas internacionales
Estados Unidos
equilibrio asimétrico
estrategia antiterrorista.
islamismo
redes terroristas internacionales
Estados Unidos
equilibrio asimétrico
estrategia antiterrorista.
How to Cite
La reconducción estratégica de Al-Qaeda: ¿del liderazgo de Osama bin Laden a la dimensión masiva-popular?. (2012). Civilizar, 12(22), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.22518/16578953.94
Abstract
En este artículo se pretende establecer la relación de las variables estratégicas de alcance mundial de Al-Qaeda con la ideología religiosa –el islam político–, tratando de incorporar una visión transversal y total de este fenómeno. Se sostendrá que el vínculo radica en la estrategia de expansión y descentralización arriba-abajo creado por la base central de Al-Qaeda, donde las redes regionales tienen cierta autonomía pero están determinadas por el liderazgo central y su adaptación de la ideología islamista en una vertiente internacionalista, revolucionaria y violenta de la organización.
References
Ajami, F. (2001, noviembre/diciembre). The Sentry’s Solitude. Foreign Affairs, pp. 2-16.
Alí, T. (2005). El choque de los fundamentalismos: cruzadas, yihads y modernidad. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Ayubi, N. (1996). El Islam político. Teorías, tradición y rupturas. Barcelona: Edi- ciones Bellaterra.
Arquilla, J. y Ronfeldt, D. (2003). Redes y guerras en red. El futuro del terrorismo, el cri- men organizado y el activismo político. Madrid: Alianza.
Badie, B. (2000). Un mundo sin soberanía. Estados entre artificio y responsabilidad. Bogotá: Universidad Externado, Tercer Mundo Editores.
Banuazizi, A. (1987). Socio-Psychological Approaches to Political Development. Un- derstanding Political Development. M. Weiner y S. Huntington (eds.). Harper Collins Publishers: Boston, pp. 281-318.
Barber, B. (2001). Jihad versus Mc World: Terrorism’s Challenge to Democracy. Nueva York: Ballantine Books.
Bill, J. A. y Leiden, C. (1979). Politics in The Middle East. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Bill, J. A. y Springborg, R. (1990). Politics in the Middle East. Glenview, Illinois, Scott, Foresman/Little Brown Higher Education.
Boli, J. y Thomas, G. M. (eds.). (1999). Cons- tructing World Culture: International Non- govermental Organizations since 1875. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Boot, M. (2011, mayo 5). Al Qaeda’s Prognosis. Can Terrorist Groups Live Without Their Leaders? Foreign Affairs. Recuperado el 3 de junio de 2011 desde http:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67832/ max-boot/al-qaedas-prognosis.
Burgat, F. (2006). El islamismo en tiempos de al-Qaida. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellaterra.
Burhan, G. (2001). El islamismo como identi- dad política. O la relación del mundo mu- sulmán con la modernidad. AfersInterna- cionals, Fundación Cidob, 36, pp. 59-76.
Byman, D. (2011, mayo 24). Al Qaeda’s Terri- ble Spring. Why the Organization Might Not Survive. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 15 de junio de 2011 desde http://www.
foreignaffairs.com/articles/67864/daniel- byman/al-qaedas-terrible-spring.
Campanini, M. (2003). Islam y Política. Ma- drid: Editorial Biblioteca Nueva.
Campos, N. y Gassebner, M. (2009). Interna- tional Terrorism, Political Instability and the Escalation Effect. Bonn: IZA, Discus- sion Paper 4061.
Carley, K.; Reminga, J. y Kamneva, N. (2003). Destabilizing Terrorist Networks. Carne- gie Mellon University.
Chomsky, N. (2006). Ambiciones imperiales: el mundo después del 11-S. Entrevistas in- éditas con David Barsamian. Barcelona: Editorial Océano.
David, Ch-Ph. (2009). La guerra y la paz. Enfoques contemporáneos sobre seguridad y estrategia. Barcelona: Icaria.
Eickelman, D. y Piscatori, J. (1996). Muslim Politic. Princeton, Nueva Jersey: Prince- ton University Press.
Esposito, J. (2003). Guerras profanas: terror en nombre del Islam. Barcelona: Paidós.
Farrall, L. (2011, marzo/abril). How al-Qaeda Works. What the Organization’s Subsi- diaries Say About Its Strenght. Foreign Affairs, pp. 128-138.
Gallo, A. y Helfstein, S. (2011, mayo 6). Springtime for Jihadis. How Will Terro- rism Evolve After Bin Laden? Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 10 de julio de 2011 desde http://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/67839/alexander-gallo-and-scott- helfstein/springtime-for-jihadis.
Geertz, C. (1968). Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goldgeier, J. y Tetlock, Ph. (2008). Psychological Approaches, en Christian Reus-Smit y Duncan Snidal (eds.). The Oxford Han- dbook of International Relations. Oxford University Press, pp. 462-480.
Heffelfinger, Ch. (2011, agosto 5). Mission Not Accomplished. Reports of al Qaeda’s demise have been greatly exaggerated. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 20 de septiembre de 2011 desde http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/05/ mission_not_accomplished.
Hill, G. (2020, enero). Yemen: Fear of Failure. Chantham House Brief Papers, MENAP.
Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Hoffman, B. (2008, mayo/junio). The Myth of Grass- Roots Terrorism. Why Osama bin Laden Still Matters. Foreign Affairs, pp. 133-138.
Hoffman, B. (2011, mayo 13). The Leaderless Jihad’s Leader.Why Osama Bin Laden Mattered. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 12 de junio de 2011 desde http://www. foreignaffairs.com/articles/67851/bruce- hoffman/the-leaderless-jihads-leader.
Hoffman, S. (2002, julio/agosto). Clash of Globalizations. Foreign Affairs, pp. 104-115.
Horstmann, A. (2009). Transnational Ideologies and Actors at the Level of Society in South and Southeast Asia. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia: Move- ments, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Project Report, pp. 35-52.
Huntington, S. (1987). The Goals of Development. Understanding Political Deve- lopment, M. Weiner and S. Hungtinton (eds.). Nueva York: Harper Collins Pu- blishers, pp. 3-32.
Huntington, S. (1997). El choque de civilizacio- nes y la reconfiguración del orden mun- dial. Barcelona: Editorial Paidós.
Ikenberry, J.; Mastanduno, M. y Wohlforth, W. (2009, enero). Introduction: Unipolarity, State Behavior, and Systemic Consequen- ces. World Politics, 61(1), pp. 1-27.
Jourde, C. (2010). La guerra contra el terroris- mo en el Sahel. Entre realidad y ficción. El estado del mundo: anuario económico, geopolítico mundial. Madrid: Akal, pp. 229-233.
Kepel, G. (2004). Fitna: guerra en el corazón del Islam. Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós.
Kratochwil, F. (2008). Sociological Approa- ches, Reus-Smit, C. y Snidal, D. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford University Press, pp. 444-461.
Layne, Ch. (2004). The War on Terrorism and the Balance of Power: The Paradoxes of American Hegemony, en Paul, T. V.; Wirtz, J. J.; Fortmann, M. (eds.), Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 103-126.
Lewis, B. (1998, noviembre/diciembre). Licen- se to Kill: Usama bin Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad. Foreign Affairs, pp. 14-19.
Lia, B. (2011, mayo 11). Al Qaeda Without Bin Laden. How Terrorists Cope With their Leader’s Death. Foreign Affairs, recupe- rado el 20 de mayo de 2011 desde
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67846/ brynjar-lia/al-qaeda-without-bin-laden.
Maher, S. (2011, mayo 7). Jihadis React to Bin Laden’s Death. Islamist Web Sites and The Future of Al Qaeda. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 15 de mayo de 2011 desde http://www.foreignaffairs.com/arti- cles/67841/shiraz-maher/jihadis-react-to- bin-ladens-death.
Mandaville, P. (2009). How do Religious Beliefs affects Politics?. Global Politics. A New In- troduction, Edkins, J. y Zehfuss, M. (eds.). Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 97-122.
Mandaville, P. (2009). Transnational Islam in Asia: Background, Typology, and Con- ceptual Overview. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia. Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Project Report, pp. 1-20.
Mann, M. (2004). El imperio incoherente. Estados Unidos y el nuevo orden internacio- nal. Barcelona: Paidós.
Mearsheimer, J. (2011, enero/febrero). Imperial by Design. The National Interest, 111, pp. 16-34.
Mottahedeh, R. (1985). The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran.Nueva York: Pantheon Books.
Ng, A. (2011, junio). In Focus: Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Yemen Uprisings. International Cen- tre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research, 3(6), recuperado el 5 de julio de 2011 desde http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/ CTTA/2011/CTTA-June11.pdf.
Noor, F. (2009). Islamist Networks and Ma- instream Politics in South and Southeast Asia. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia.Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bu- reau of Asian Research, NBR Project Re- port, pp. 21-34.
Paul, T. V.; Wirtz, J; y Fortmann M. (eds.). (2004). Balance of Power: Theory and
Practice in the 21st Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Perliger, A. y Pedahzur, A. (2000). Social Net- work Analysis in the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence. Political Net- works Paper Archive. Working Papers. Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
Perliger, A. y Pedahzur, A. (2006, junio). The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks: A Social Network Perspective. Social For- ces, 84(4), pp. 1987-2008.
Reetz, D. (2009). Migrants, Mujahidin, Ma- drassa Students: The Diversity of Trans- national Islam in Pakistan. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia.Move- ments, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Project Report, pp. 53-78.
Reich, W. (ed.). (1998). Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, Status of Mind. Washington: The Woo- drow Wilson Center Press.
Riedel, B. (2007, mayo/junio). Al-Qaeda Stri- kes Back. Foreign Affairs, pp. 24-36.
Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.
Roy, O. (2003). El islam mundializado: los musulmanes en la era de la globalización. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellatrerra.
Roy, O. (2007). El islam y el caos: el mundo islámico ante los retos del siglo XXI. Bar- celona: Ediciones Bellaterra.
Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Filadelfia: University of Penn- sylvania Press.
Sageman, M. (2008). Leaderless Jihad. Terror Networks in the Twenty-first Century. Filadelfia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sageman, M. y Hoffman, B. (2008, julio/agos- to). Does Osama Still Call the Shots? Debating the Containment of al Qaeda’s Leadership. Foreign Affairs, pp. 163-166.
Saleh Alkhalifa, W. (2007). El ala radical del Islam. Islam Político: realidad y ficción. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Sassen, S. (1998). Globalization and Its Discontents. Nueva York: New Press.
Saxena, S.; Santhanam, K. y Basu, A. (2004, enero/marzo). Application of Social Net- work Analysis (SNA) to Terrorist Net- works in Jammu & Kashmir. Strategic Analysis, 28(1).
Scott Doran, M. (2002, enero/febrero). Some- body Else’s Civil War. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 5 de marzo de 2011 des- de http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57618/michael-scott-doran/somebo- dy-elses-civil-war.
Sklair, L. (1995). Sociology of the Global Sys- tem. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Stepanova, E. (2008). Terrorism in Asymmetri- cal Conflict. Ideological and Structural Aspects. Oxford University Press.
Talmud, I. y Mishal, S. (2000, octubre). The Network State: Triangular Relations in Middle Eastern Politics. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 37(2), pp. 175-197.
Tomlinson, J. (1999). Globalization of Culture. Chicago: University of Chlcago Press.
Wright, L. (2006). The Looming Tower. Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Nueva York: Vintage Books, Random House.
Yemen Defense & Security Annual Report 2010. (2010). Business Monitor International.
Alí, T. (2005). El choque de los fundamentalismos: cruzadas, yihads y modernidad. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Ayubi, N. (1996). El Islam político. Teorías, tradición y rupturas. Barcelona: Edi- ciones Bellaterra.
Arquilla, J. y Ronfeldt, D. (2003). Redes y guerras en red. El futuro del terrorismo, el cri- men organizado y el activismo político. Madrid: Alianza.
Badie, B. (2000). Un mundo sin soberanía. Estados entre artificio y responsabilidad. Bogotá: Universidad Externado, Tercer Mundo Editores.
Banuazizi, A. (1987). Socio-Psychological Approaches to Political Development. Un- derstanding Political Development. M. Weiner y S. Huntington (eds.). Harper Collins Publishers: Boston, pp. 281-318.
Barber, B. (2001). Jihad versus Mc World: Terrorism’s Challenge to Democracy. Nueva York: Ballantine Books.
Bill, J. A. y Leiden, C. (1979). Politics in The Middle East. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Bill, J. A. y Springborg, R. (1990). Politics in the Middle East. Glenview, Illinois, Scott, Foresman/Little Brown Higher Education.
Boli, J. y Thomas, G. M. (eds.). (1999). Cons- tructing World Culture: International Non- govermental Organizations since 1875. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Boot, M. (2011, mayo 5). Al Qaeda’s Prognosis. Can Terrorist Groups Live Without Their Leaders? Foreign Affairs. Recuperado el 3 de junio de 2011 desde http:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67832/ max-boot/al-qaedas-prognosis.
Burgat, F. (2006). El islamismo en tiempos de al-Qaida. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellaterra.
Burhan, G. (2001). El islamismo como identi- dad política. O la relación del mundo mu- sulmán con la modernidad. AfersInterna- cionals, Fundación Cidob, 36, pp. 59-76.
Byman, D. (2011, mayo 24). Al Qaeda’s Terri- ble Spring. Why the Organization Might Not Survive. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 15 de junio de 2011 desde http://www.
foreignaffairs.com/articles/67864/daniel- byman/al-qaedas-terrible-spring.
Campanini, M. (2003). Islam y Política. Ma- drid: Editorial Biblioteca Nueva.
Campos, N. y Gassebner, M. (2009). Interna- tional Terrorism, Political Instability and the Escalation Effect. Bonn: IZA, Discus- sion Paper 4061.
Carley, K.; Reminga, J. y Kamneva, N. (2003). Destabilizing Terrorist Networks. Carne- gie Mellon University.
Chomsky, N. (2006). Ambiciones imperiales: el mundo después del 11-S. Entrevistas in- éditas con David Barsamian. Barcelona: Editorial Océano.
David, Ch-Ph. (2009). La guerra y la paz. Enfoques contemporáneos sobre seguridad y estrategia. Barcelona: Icaria.
Eickelman, D. y Piscatori, J. (1996). Muslim Politic. Princeton, Nueva Jersey: Prince- ton University Press.
Esposito, J. (2003). Guerras profanas: terror en nombre del Islam. Barcelona: Paidós.
Farrall, L. (2011, marzo/abril). How al-Qaeda Works. What the Organization’s Subsi- diaries Say About Its Strenght. Foreign Affairs, pp. 128-138.
Gallo, A. y Helfstein, S. (2011, mayo 6). Springtime for Jihadis. How Will Terro- rism Evolve After Bin Laden? Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 10 de julio de 2011 desde http://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/67839/alexander-gallo-and-scott- helfstein/springtime-for-jihadis.
Geertz, C. (1968). Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goldgeier, J. y Tetlock, Ph. (2008). Psychological Approaches, en Christian Reus-Smit y Duncan Snidal (eds.). The Oxford Han- dbook of International Relations. Oxford University Press, pp. 462-480.
Heffelfinger, Ch. (2011, agosto 5). Mission Not Accomplished. Reports of al Qaeda’s demise have been greatly exaggerated. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 20 de septiembre de 2011 desde http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/05/ mission_not_accomplished.
Hill, G. (2020, enero). Yemen: Fear of Failure. Chantham House Brief Papers, MENAP.
Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Hoffman, B. (2008, mayo/junio). The Myth of Grass- Roots Terrorism. Why Osama bin Laden Still Matters. Foreign Affairs, pp. 133-138.
Hoffman, B. (2011, mayo 13). The Leaderless Jihad’s Leader.Why Osama Bin Laden Mattered. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 12 de junio de 2011 desde http://www. foreignaffairs.com/articles/67851/bruce- hoffman/the-leaderless-jihads-leader.
Hoffman, S. (2002, julio/agosto). Clash of Globalizations. Foreign Affairs, pp. 104-115.
Horstmann, A. (2009). Transnational Ideologies and Actors at the Level of Society in South and Southeast Asia. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia: Move- ments, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Project Report, pp. 35-52.
Huntington, S. (1987). The Goals of Development. Understanding Political Deve- lopment, M. Weiner and S. Hungtinton (eds.). Nueva York: Harper Collins Pu- blishers, pp. 3-32.
Huntington, S. (1997). El choque de civilizacio- nes y la reconfiguración del orden mun- dial. Barcelona: Editorial Paidós.
Ikenberry, J.; Mastanduno, M. y Wohlforth, W. (2009, enero). Introduction: Unipolarity, State Behavior, and Systemic Consequen- ces. World Politics, 61(1), pp. 1-27.
Jourde, C. (2010). La guerra contra el terroris- mo en el Sahel. Entre realidad y ficción. El estado del mundo: anuario económico, geopolítico mundial. Madrid: Akal, pp. 229-233.
Kepel, G. (2004). Fitna: guerra en el corazón del Islam. Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós.
Kratochwil, F. (2008). Sociological Approa- ches, Reus-Smit, C. y Snidal, D. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford University Press, pp. 444-461.
Layne, Ch. (2004). The War on Terrorism and the Balance of Power: The Paradoxes of American Hegemony, en Paul, T. V.; Wirtz, J. J.; Fortmann, M. (eds.), Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 103-126.
Lewis, B. (1998, noviembre/diciembre). Licen- se to Kill: Usama bin Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad. Foreign Affairs, pp. 14-19.
Lia, B. (2011, mayo 11). Al Qaeda Without Bin Laden. How Terrorists Cope With their Leader’s Death. Foreign Affairs, recupe- rado el 20 de mayo de 2011 desde
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67846/ brynjar-lia/al-qaeda-without-bin-laden.
Maher, S. (2011, mayo 7). Jihadis React to Bin Laden’s Death. Islamist Web Sites and The Future of Al Qaeda. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 15 de mayo de 2011 desde http://www.foreignaffairs.com/arti- cles/67841/shiraz-maher/jihadis-react-to- bin-ladens-death.
Mandaville, P. (2009). How do Religious Beliefs affects Politics?. Global Politics. A New In- troduction, Edkins, J. y Zehfuss, M. (eds.). Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 97-122.
Mandaville, P. (2009). Transnational Islam in Asia: Background, Typology, and Con- ceptual Overview. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia. Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Project Report, pp. 1-20.
Mann, M. (2004). El imperio incoherente. Estados Unidos y el nuevo orden internacio- nal. Barcelona: Paidós.
Mearsheimer, J. (2011, enero/febrero). Imperial by Design. The National Interest, 111, pp. 16-34.
Mottahedeh, R. (1985). The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran.Nueva York: Pantheon Books.
Ng, A. (2011, junio). In Focus: Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and the Yemen Uprisings. International Cen- tre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research, 3(6), recuperado el 5 de julio de 2011 desde http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/ CTTA/2011/CTTA-June11.pdf.
Noor, F. (2009). Islamist Networks and Ma- instream Politics in South and Southeast Asia. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia.Movements, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bu- reau of Asian Research, NBR Project Re- port, pp. 21-34.
Paul, T. V.; Wirtz, J; y Fortmann M. (eds.). (2004). Balance of Power: Theory and
Practice in the 21st Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Perliger, A. y Pedahzur, A. (2000). Social Net- work Analysis in the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence. Political Net- works Paper Archive. Working Papers. Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
Perliger, A. y Pedahzur, A. (2006, junio). The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks: A Social Network Perspective. Social For- ces, 84(4), pp. 1987-2008.
Reetz, D. (2009). Migrants, Mujahidin, Ma- drassa Students: The Diversity of Trans- national Islam in Pakistan. Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia.Move- ments, Networks, and Conflict Dynamics. The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Project Report, pp. 53-78.
Reich, W. (ed.). (1998). Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, Status of Mind. Washington: The Woo- drow Wilson Center Press.
Riedel, B. (2007, mayo/junio). Al-Qaeda Stri- kes Back. Foreign Affairs, pp. 24-36.
Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.
Roy, O. (2003). El islam mundializado: los musulmanes en la era de la globalización. Barcelona: Ediciones Bellatrerra.
Roy, O. (2007). El islam y el caos: el mundo islámico ante los retos del siglo XXI. Bar- celona: Ediciones Bellaterra.
Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Filadelfia: University of Penn- sylvania Press.
Sageman, M. (2008). Leaderless Jihad. Terror Networks in the Twenty-first Century. Filadelfia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sageman, M. y Hoffman, B. (2008, julio/agos- to). Does Osama Still Call the Shots? Debating the Containment of al Qaeda’s Leadership. Foreign Affairs, pp. 163-166.
Saleh Alkhalifa, W. (2007). El ala radical del Islam. Islam Político: realidad y ficción. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Sassen, S. (1998). Globalization and Its Discontents. Nueva York: New Press.
Saxena, S.; Santhanam, K. y Basu, A. (2004, enero/marzo). Application of Social Net- work Analysis (SNA) to Terrorist Net- works in Jammu & Kashmir. Strategic Analysis, 28(1).
Scott Doran, M. (2002, enero/febrero). Some- body Else’s Civil War. Foreign Affairs, recuperado el 5 de marzo de 2011 des- de http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57618/michael-scott-doran/somebo- dy-elses-civil-war.
Sklair, L. (1995). Sociology of the Global Sys- tem. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Stepanova, E. (2008). Terrorism in Asymmetri- cal Conflict. Ideological and Structural Aspects. Oxford University Press.
Talmud, I. y Mishal, S. (2000, octubre). The Network State: Triangular Relations in Middle Eastern Politics. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 37(2), pp. 175-197.
Tomlinson, J. (1999). Globalization of Culture. Chicago: University of Chlcago Press.
Wright, L. (2006). The Looming Tower. Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Nueva York: Vintage Books, Random House.
Yemen Defense & Security Annual Report 2010. (2010). Business Monitor International.
Cession of rights: Once published, the printing and reproduction rights are from Universidad Sergio Arboleda. It is up to the publisher to allow the reproduction of the article.
CC License: The Journal provides open access to its content, based on the principle that providing the public with free access to research increases global knowledge sharing.
The contents of the journal Civilizar Ciencias Sociales y Humanas are under an international Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivativeWorks 4.0 licence.